How do I measure the amount of electricity something uses?

[an error occurred while processing this directive]Remember that almost every device you can plug into the wall has a label or engraving that tells you how much energy it uses. (More on figuring energy use without directly measuring it.)

But if you want to measure the energy use yourself, you can definitely do that too.

There are four ways to measure how much electricity something uses:

Let's look at the first three options in turn.

(1) Buy a cheap, simple watt-hour meter

A watt-hour meter is a little device that tells you how much electricity something uses, either at a given moment or over an extended period of time. Just plug the device into the meter, plug the meter into the wall, and read the display. I like the $25 Kill-A-Watt (pictured at right) sold  through SmartHome. Just plug it in and see how many watts a device is drawing at any given moment, or how many kWh you've used since you turned it on. This is especially useful for finding the amount of kWh used in a month for devices that don't run constantly, like refrigerators and window unit air conditioners.

I couldn't find a 220V watt-hour meter that can measure large appliances running on U.S. current, such as electric clothes dryers. Promolife sells a 240V version of the Watts Up? meter for $131 but it's designed for European electrical systems, not U.S., and they're not compatible (we have split-phase and Europe has straight 240V). If you need to measure 220V then you can go with a whole-house meter like the ones described next.

 

(2) Buy & install a whole-house meter.

A whole-house meter tells you how much energy your whole house is using at any given moment, and how much you've used so far for the month -- as well as how much it's costing you. These meters start at around $120 and need to be installed by an electrician. (It's an easy, 15-minute job.) Two whole-house meters you might like are The Energy Detective, and the EUM-2000.

 

(3) Wait for the Google PowerMeter to become available.

Google has a free program that shows you how much electricity your home is using at any given moment, getting the data from the new digital electric meters that have recently been installed across the country. But as I write this in June 2010, it's not available in most places yet.  (Check availability in your area.)

(4) Look at the electric meter on the side of your house.

Electric Meter Calculator

Type of meter: Digital Analog Kh factor: One-Reading method Two-Reading method

First Reading watts Crude but fast: seconds for 1 beat Accurate but more time-consuming: beats in seconds seconds for 1 revolution

Second Reading watts Crude but fast: seconds for 1 beat Accurate but more time-consuming: beats in seconds seconds for 1 revolution

Your device uses watts.   ( kWh per hour).

Clocking your electric meter is cumbersome, but it's free. My calculator will make the job a little easier.

STEP 1:  Find the kH factor of your meter.  It's almost always printed on the meter, as in "1.0kH" or "kh7.2".   Digital meters are usually 1.0 kH and old analog meters are usually 7.2 kH.

STEP 2:  Decide what you're going to count.

• The quick & dirty way is to count the number of seconds it takes for one beat of a digital meter (or one revolution of an old analog disc).  This method is easy but it's not as accurate for low-wattage devices.  If it takes at least 15 seconds for a beat, this method is fine, but if it's faster than that, use the next method.
  
• The more accurate method is to count how many seconds it takes for multiple beats (e.g., 5 beats, 10 beats, your choice).  The more beats you use, the more accurate your results, but the longer it will take you to count out all those beats.

STEP 3:  Choose the "Read-Once" or "Read Twice" method:

Read-Once Method   (You have to unplug everything, but you have to read the meter only once.)

1. Turn ON the device you want to measure, and turn OFF and unplug everything everything else, including the air conditioner, heating system, and refrigerator. (If they kick in or shut off while you're making your measurements, that will change the results.)
2. Go outside and time your meter, as per STEP 2 above.
   
3. Plug the number into my calculator.

Read-Twice Method  (You can leave most things plugged in and/or turned on, but you have to read the meter twice).

1. Turn ON the device you want to measure, and turn OFF things that could suddenly turn on by themselves such as your refrigerator, air conditioner, or heating system.
2. Go outside and time your meter, as per STEP 2 above.
   
3. Plug the number into my calculator below. Click "Two-Reading Method" so you'll have space to enter your next result.
   
4. Go inside and turn off the device you're measuring.
   
5. Go outside and time your meter, as per STEP 2 above.
   
6. Plug the number into the calculator.

 

How to count the beats on a digital meter

First we have to find out whether your meter is normal, or whether it's an exception like the GE I-210 meter, since GE thought it would be a good idea to make things difficult.

Look for three little arrows or blocks on the bottom-left or bottom-right of the display. The marks keep changing as electricity is used. Each change is a "state change". With most meters every change in the display takes the same amount of time. (In the picture at right, the marks change once per second.) So with a standard meter like this one, every state change takes exactly one "beat".

But in some meters (like the GE I-210), the changes take a differing amount of time. (e.g., the marks change steadily but then they all turn off for four-beat period of time). We'll call this a non-standard meter. The table at right shows the difference.

Beat	Standard Meter	Nonstandard Meter
1	X	X
2	XX	XX
3	XXX	XXX
4	XX	XX
5	X	X
6
7	X
8	XX
9	XXX
10	XX	X

What all this means is that you have to be sure to count the beats. With a standard meter, beats and state changes are the same thing, so it's easy. With a non-standard meter it's not. With a non-standard meter like the one in the table, it's impossible to count from beat 5 to beat 6, because you don't know when beat 7 starts. With that meter you have start to start counting on beats 1, 2, 3, 4, or 10.

An example using the calculator

Let's say you want to measure the energy used by your computer system.

STEP 1:  We have a digital meter and we found the "1.0kH" on the meter. That's the default for the calculator, so we don't have to do anything here.  If we found a different kH factor on the meter, we'd just plug that number into the calculator.

STEP 2:  We decided to count how many seconds it takes for 10 beats.  That'll give us pretty good accuracy.

STEP 3:  We decided to use the "Read Twice" method because we didn't want to unplug and turn off every single thing in the house.

(a) To get started, we turn our computer ON, and turn the AC and the fridge OFF.
(b) We count our electric meter.  It takes 177 seconds (nearly 3 minutes).
(c) We plug those numbers into the calculator (10 beats in 177 seconds)
(d) We turn the computer OFF.
(e) We go outside and count again.  This time it's taking a long time for each beat and we're getting impatient, so we decide to count only 3 beats.  It takes 194 seconds.
(f) We plug those numbes into the calculator (3 beats in 194 seconds), and we get the answer:  147 watts.  Ta-da!

 

Formulas

The calculator above is all you need, but here are the formulas if you prefer to crunch the numbers yourself.

Electric Meter Formulas
Meter type	Formula type	Formula for Wattage
Digital	Crude but fast	3600 ๗ number of seconds for one beat x kH factor
	Accurate but slow	3600 x number of beats ๗ number of seconds x kH factor (measure for as many seconds as you like)
Analog		3600 ๗ number of seconds for 1 revolution x Kh factor

 

Many thanks to Steve, who worked in the meter shop of a utility company, for providing info for standard digital meters, and another Steve (Cook) who provided info for nonstandard digital meters.